SPS国家通报机构(NNA)
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SPS咨询点(NEP)
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与SPS通报相关联的HS代码树映射
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参与有关SPS贸易问题的讨论
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SPS committee documents
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贸易政策审查
3.164. The Central Administration for Foreign Agricultural Relations in the Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation is Egypt's SPS enquiry point and National Notification Authority.[117] The National SPS Committee, under the auspices of the Ministry of Trade and Industry, established by Ministerial Decree No. 583/2003, is the body in charge of coordinating Egypt's SPS policies and monitoring Egypt's rights and obligations under the WTO's SPS agreement. The Committee is also in charge of evaluating and assessing the impact of other countries' SPS measures on Egypt. An SPS Steering-Committee exists under the Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation, created in accordance with Ministerial Decree No. 1332/2005 and restructured following Decree No. 1606/2011 to ensure the internal coordination on issues related to SPS. This Sub-Committee operates in coordination and cooperation with the National SPS Steering Sub-Committee. Other bodies dealing with SPS issues include: the National Food Safety Authority; the Atomic Energy Agency; the Central Administration for Plant Quarantine (CAPQ); the General Organization for Veterinary Services (GOVS); the Agricultural Pesticides Residue Committee; the Central Laboratory of Residue Analysis of Pesticides and Heavy Metals in Food (QCAP Lab); the Egyptian Organization for Standardization (EOS); the GOEIC; and the Ministry of Health. Food safety issues are dealt with, in a coordinated manner, by the multi-agency National Food Safety and Control System, comprising the following agencies: the Ministry of Health and Population; the Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation; the Ministry of Trade and Industry; the Ministry of Supply and Internal Trade; the Ministry of Tourism; the Ministry of Electricity; and the Ministry of Housing
3.165. The main legislation with respect to SPS measures includes Law No. 48/1941 on Protection against Fraud and Deception and its amendments; Law No. 10/1966 on Control of Food and its Handling and its Amendments; Presidential Decree No. 187/1984 on Establishment of the General Organization for Veterinary Services; Decree No. 47/1967 on Veterinary Quarantine Regulations; Law No. 118/1975 Regulating Imports and Exports; Presidential Decree No. 106/2000 on facilitating measures on inspecting and controlling exported and imported goods; and Prime Minister Decree No. 1186/2003 on inspection and control of exports and imports. Other legislation, passed during the review period, includes: Prime Minister Decree No. 2992/2016 on the regulation of the importation of certain agricultural commodities and its implementing regulations; Ministry of Trade and Industry Decree No. 24/2017; Ministerial Decree No. 974/2017 on the registration, handling and use of agricultural pesticides in Egypt[118]; Joint Ministerial Decree No. 670/2017 on the new system for the production and export of agricultural products of export importance; and Law No. 1/2017 on the National Authority for Food Safety.[119]
3.166. There are various controls and inspection procedures for food products, live animals, and animal and plant products. The controls are implemented by the corresponding responsible agency: the National Authority for Food Safety, established by Law No. 1/2017, for food products; the Atomic Energy Agency, for the examination of radiation levels; the Central Administration for Plant Quarantine (CAPQ), for plants and plant products; the Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation for plants before harvesting; the Food Control Department of the Ministry of Health, the GOEIC, and the GOVS for live animals, animal health and any products of animal origin. The duration of inspections depends on the product
3.167. The CAPQ acts as the National Plant Protection Organization (NPPO) as set by the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC). Its work is guided by the Phytosanitary and Quarantine Rules and Regulations, Ministerial Decree No. 3007/2001. The CAPQ is in charge of conducting pest risk assessment and determining pest-free areas; it is also responsible for issuing phytosanitary certificates and participating in drafting bilateral phytosanitary agreements and protocols to strengthen the trade relations between Egypt and its trading partners. The CAPQ has signed memoranda of understanding with four research institutes and projects (the Plant Protection Research Institute, the Plant Pathology Research Institute, the Central Lab for Weeds Research Institute, and the Project for the Surveillance and Control of Brown Rot in Potatoes) through which it delegates some official activities of the NPPO related to the surveillance and control of plant pests
3.168. Importers of plants must obtain an import permit from the CAPQ prior to importation. They are also required to notify the exporting trading partner of the corresponding import regulatory requirements, which are established according to the potential risk associated with pests
3.169. One of the phytosanitary measures recently adopted is the temporary suspension of the importation of ornamental plants and seedlings of fruit trees from countries where Xylella fastidiosa is present.[120] Other recent measures include: a Joint Decree between the Ministry of Agriculture and the Ministry of Trade and Industry regarding the amendments to the system of production, preparation, and inspection of exported potatoes (Ministerial Decree No. 223/2012); Ministerial Decree No. 339/2013 amending the fees of procedures applied on import and export consignments; Ministerial Decree No. 1669/2016 on phytosanitary requirements and specifications for the importation of seed potatoes for growing year 2016/17; and Joint Ministerial Decree No. 670/2017 on the new system for the production and exportation of agricultural products of export importance
3.170. The GOVS is in charge of setting SPS measures to protect human or animal life or health from food-borne risks (risks arising from additives, contaminants, toxins or disease-causing organisms in foods, beverages or feedstuffs). The GOVS is also responsible for protecting human life or health from diseases carried by animal products, and for protecting animal life or health from the entry, establishment or spread of disease-carrying or disease-causing organisms. In order to better protect the Egyptian territory from other damage arising from the entry, establishment or spread of diseases transmitted by animals, a Risk Assessment Unit geared at the implementation of Article 5 of the SPS Agreement was established in GOVS by Administrative Decree No. 398/2015
3.171. The Central Administration of Veterinary Quarantine, within the GOVS, is responsible for setting the SPS measures required for the importation of live animals and any products of animal origin and to approve their importation. The Administration is divided into four regional departments or units. The Central Administration of Veterinary Quarantine studies the health status of the exporting countries, and sets SPS measures accordingly based on the recommendations of relevant international organizations such as the OIE and Codex and taking into account their consistency with the SPS Agreement. As a result of this, the SPS measures adopted by the GOVS may differ by country according to the health status of each exporting country at the time of exportation. Imports of live animals require an import permit issued by the Central Administration of Veterinary Quarantine. Decree No. 1647/1997 establishes that importers of live animals must submit an import request to the GOVS specifying the number and type of animals to be imported, the country of origin, the shipping port, the expected arrival date, and the means of transportation. The consignment must be accompanied by a veterinary certificate issued by the competent authority in the country of origin, and notarized at the corresponding Egyptian Consulate. However, partners with which Egypt has trade agreements, such as the European Union and COMESA countries, are exempted from notarization requirements. Upon arrival, further veterinary procedures, including physical inspections, may be applied
3.172. The GOVS adopted a number of SPS measures during the review period. Some of the measures adopted include the implementation of "zoning" on imports of day-old chicks from countries which have Avian Influenza, and the implementation of SPS measures on the importation of live cattle from countries which have Blue Tongue disease. The latter measures consist in quarantining the animals in a disease-free zone and testing and vaccinating them
3.173. Importers of meat products and chicken must provide a number of certificates before the product is accepted; these include: a slaughter certificate proving that the animal was slaughtered in accordance with the Islamic ritual (halal), issued by an entity approved by the GOVS through the Commercial Office of the Egyptian Embassy or Consulate in the country of origin[121]; a veterinary certificate, issued in the country of origin, confirming that any animal used in the making of the product was examined before and after slaughter, and is free from contagious diseases; and a certificate of origin indicating the exporting country, number of parcels, type of meat, date of inspection, production and expiration dates, name of the exporter, port of entry, and name of the consignee. Frozen meat products require a further certificate, confirming that a temperature of 18C was maintained before exportation and that each piece was wrapped in accordance with accepted international packaging standards
3.174. Law No. 48/1941, as amended by Law No. 281/1994, specifies the different types of fraud and sets the corresponding penalties related to adulterations and deception in relation to food, animal feed and medicines. This law prohibits the importation of any spoiled food, animal feed or medicine. Law No. 10/1966 contains the Food Control and Handling Regulations; it specifies the cases in which the handling of food is prohibited, namely when: is does not comply with Egyptian standards; is unfit for human consumption; or is adulterated (containing harmful food additives, toxic substances, etc.) The Regulations also indicate that food must be free from any substances harmful to health in all handling steps and food additives must be within the limits determined by the Minister of Heath
3.175. Ministerial Decree No. 204/2015 lists food additives allowed in Egypt. The Decree was an important step in the modernization of Egypt's sanitary legislation since it contains all types of food additives, compared to the previous legislation that allowed only three types of additives (colours, preservatives and antioxidants). Moreover, the list of additives is to be updated regularly
3.176. Presidential Decree No. 106/2000 established that the control over imports and exports of food is the responsibility of the GOEIC, which carries out the inspection of imported and exported food. The GOEIC also participates, together with the EOS, in the amendment of specifications related to imported foodstuffs. The GOEIC maintains an integrated system of information technology to exchange information between testing laboratories and the GOEIC's different branches throughout Egypt. GOEIC's agricultural products traceability system allows the exporter to record all the data from the beginning of the agricultural production process to the exportation of the product
3.177. The Food Safety and Control Department of the Ministry of Health and Population is responsible for the enforcement of national food laws and regulations and for inspecting all foodstuffs whether imported, exported or locally produced to ensure their fitness for human consumption and compliance with Egyptian standards. The Department, which employs some 1,800 food inspectors across all health offices/units and ports throughout Egypt, also performs controls and inspections of food-handling places to ensure their compliance with health requirements and Egyptian standards; it takes food samples from the food chain to ensure that the food is fit for human consumption
3.178. The Central Public Health Laboratories (CPHL) are responsible for monitoring and controlling food safety, for both imported and locally manufactured foodstuffs, at all stages of preparation until final consumption. The CPHL has a laboratory network that includes a reference laboratory in Cairo and peripheral laboratories in all governorates. These laboratories conduct microbiological, chemical and toxicological analysis of food samples. The authorities have indicated that about 650,000 samples are analysed per year. The CPHL participate in elaborating and issuing Egyptians standards for the different food items in cooperation with the EOS; they participate in the International Codex Committee
3.179. The National Nutrition Institute (NNI) is responsible for the registration of foodstuffs for special dietary uses, including infant and follow-up formula, weight control foods, herbal teas, and bottled water, among others. The NNI is responsible for the analysis of imported registered food products to ensure their compliance with registration data; it has reference laboratories for analysis of the chemical, microbiological and toxicological content of food samples. The NNI participates in developing and issuing Egyptian standards for the different food items in cooperation with the EOS and participates in the International Codex Committee. It has a role in research and interventions concerning food and nutrition and is a training centre for nutrition, including clinical nutrition, and runs several clinics for the management of malnutrition and non-communicable diseases (NCD)
3.180. Egypt currently lacks a comprehensive biosafety regulatory regime. The authorities have indicated that they are currently working on the draft of a National Biosafety Law, which would allow Egypt to have a fully operational National Biosafety Framework (NBF)
3.181. Egypt submitted it first SPS notification in September 2005; between then and November 2017, it has submitted 80 notifications to the WTO Committee on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (Table A3.4)
3.182. Egypt maintains some packaging and labelling requirements for SPS reasons. For instance, wood packaging materials entering Egypt must be treated and certified in accordance with the standards established by the relevant International Standard for Phytosanitary Measures ("Guidelines for Regulating Wood Packaging Material in International Trade").[122] Wooden containers must be accompanied by an official certificate declaring the containers to be free of insects and pests. For imported non-food commodities, Decree No. 396/1994 establishes that the remaining shelf-life should be at least half the original shelf-life
3.183. The Agricultural Pesticides Residue Committee (APC) is in charge of the registration, trading, handling and use of pesticides in Egypt, in accordance with Ministerial Decree No. 974/2017. This decree also introduced legislation regulating the exportation of pesticides by requiring special registration certificates to be able to export pesticides made locally. It also contains provisions regarding the handling and use of pesticides. Export control measures were recently reinforced: for instance, the APC's Resolution of 18 October 2016 emphasizes the importance of assessing all living and non-living contaminants on all food crops prior to exportation